Humanitarian Intervention Essay - 1198 Words

Humanitarian intervention is the act when states intervene in the affairs of another state because that state is violating the basic human rights of its civilians or because it is in the intervening state’s self interest to get involved. (Humanitarian, 2008) These interventions are not specifically aimed at violating the sovereignty of a state, but rather their purpose is to protect the basic human rights of civilians during civil wars and during crime against humanity. (Humanitarian, 2008) Realism explains that humanitarian intervention came about during the genocide in Bosnia but not in Rwanda because even though it might have been the correct moral action to take, intervention in Rwanda was not in the national interest of other†¦show more content†¦This could have been one of the reasons why there was a large amount of humanitarian intervention in Bosnia. (Snow, 2008) The United Nations (UN), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the United States ( US) all made multiple attempts at intervention in Bosnia. A large number of them were not completely successful. The war ended when with a peace agreement mediated by the US. Beginning April of 2004, the Rwandan Hutu started mass murders of Tutsi. This genocide is believed to have spawned from the civil war that was taking place at that time. This civil war was based on issues over power and resentment between the Tutsi and the Hutu. (Rwanda, 2008) Eventually the war escalated to the point where the Hutu began genocide of the Tutsi and anybody who opposed the ideas of the Hutu. The killing of the Tutsis became so common—in a very short amount of time—that it was practically acceptable amongst the Rwandans. (Hintjens, 1999) This was a very brutal and gruesome genocide. In just five weeks, approximately half a million Tutsi and innocent civilians had been murdered. (Hintjens, 1999) This is an astounding number of people, especially because the Hutu murdered the Tutsi at knife point—usually with a machete. (Snow, 2008) Seeing that there was a civil war occurring the time of theShow MoreRelatedHumanitarian Intervention Essay1869 Words   |  8 PagesThe key objections to humanitarian intervention include the conflict of interests with the self-interested state and sovereignty, the difficulty of internal legitimacy, the problematical Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, and the debate over legality of intervention. The issue of morality stands as an overarching issue which touches on all of these. Overall, one finds that despite a moral imperative to intervene, humanitarian intervention should not occur but is perhaps the lesser of a seriesRead MoreThe History of Humanitarian Intervention1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe history of Humanitarian intervention is a controversial one. In March 1999 the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) justified the use of force against Yugoslavia, a country that at this time was having a number of atrocities being committed within it. This act welcomed by tho se that thought that the veto of the permanent five in the United Nations Security Council sometimes block necessary cases of intervention. According to Sarooshi (2001) they believe morality should trump legality whereRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention At The 2005 World Summit1460 Words   |  6 Pagesof humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect is rooted in the belief that ought to fulfill certain standards of protection for its own citizens. When that standard is not met or the government itself poses a threat to its own people, foreign nations have a right and obligation to protect those citizens from crimes against humanity. This idea arose in the 1990s (which would later be known as the decade of humanitarian intervention) when the US was leading several humanitarian interventionsRead More Humanitarian Intervention Essay992 Words   |  4 PagesHumanitarian Intervention Hypothesis: That despite the incidents where humanitarian interventions have proved seemingly unsuccessful, they are, nonetheless, a vital tool in alleviating the human suffering that so plagues contemporary society. The post-Cold war world is one that has been riddled with conflict, suffering and war. In the face of such times, the issue of humanitarian intervention and about who, when and how it should be employed, has become hotly debated. While some critics declareRead MoreTo what extent is humanitarian intervention an abandoned project1565 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å" To what extent is Humanitarian Intervention an abandoned project? â€Å" Humanitarian Intervention is military intervention that is carried out in pursuit of humanitarian rather than strategic objectives. This term is controversial and therefore often debated, as it is an evaluative and subjective term. The common use of the term itself is the desire to come in help to other people, however according to some other opinions, it is the outcome of the intervention that defines it. Firstly, it is essentialRead MoreArgument Against Military Intervention For Humanitarian Relief1693 Words   |  7 PagesAGAINST MILITARY INTERVENTION FOR HUMANITARIAN RELIEF An understanding of where the Syrian healthcare system stood before the civil war, the toll of the fighting and intentional targeting of medical personnel/infrastructure, ongoing humanitarian efforts, and America’s actions to date enable an informed evaluation of whether or not to use American military forces in a humanitarian assistance role in Syria. This context allows for an examination of the limitations of humanitarian aid, the advantages/disadvantagesRead MoreThe Intervention Of The Usa Into Somali The Causes Of Humanitarian Failure3239 Words   |  13 PagesThe American Intervention in Somalia: The Causes of Humanitarian Failure Abstract: This paper is an analysis of the 1991 humanitarian intervention of the USA into Somalia. The concept of the â€Å"humanitarian† mission is embedded into the analyses of the American rhetoric concerning their newfound concern for the area. The military and cultural reasons for the failure are mentioned, as well as the habitual rejection of UN guidelines for it. In fact, this is an excel;lent example of a botched programRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention : Humanitarian Interventions1541 Words   |  7 PagesBernard Corpus International Politics Humanitarian Intervention Humanitarian Intervention What is humanitarian intervention? Well there is no standardized definition that has been made official, but general consensus typically refers it, as using military force to intervene in another states affairs. A blogger from Ljubljana, Slovenia defines humanitarian intervention as; a state s use of military force against another state when the chief publicly declared aim of that military action is endingRead MoreIntervention Based On Humanitarian Ideals2656 Words   |  11 PagesThe notion of intervention based on humanitarian ideals is not a novel concept in the realm of international relations. Even Hitler maintained that his 1938 invasion of Czechoslovakia was conducted to protect the lives of those Czechoslovaks endangered by their government (Bellamy, 2009). However, the doctrine of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (R2P) has attracted significant mention in political discourse and academia since the end of the cold war – not least with the surfacing of st ate-sponsoredRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention2282 Words   |  10 Pages Humanitarian intervention is use of force or other sanctions by one state or group of states against another to prevent or stop the denial of the basic human rights of that states citizens. There is no actual definition of humanitarian intervention, only a basic notion of what it entails and the outstanding question of whether the human rights violations in a sovereign state are reason enough for others to intervene. In past wars the majority of casualties were the combatants, but today’s

Project Quality Management Project Management Essay

In 1994, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defined quality as the totality of characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs†. When applying these two definitions to project management it means the inputs used in defining the project requirements from the donor and the beneficiaries must meet the intended objectives of the project. Consequently, project managers have a role of ensuring that all project activities necessary to designing, planning and implementing a project are effective and efficient. This is with respect to the purpose of the objective and its performance. This role can be achieved when project managers carry out project quality management. The misconception that project quality management is a separate and independent process that occurs at the end of a project, and measures the level of quality of the output is misleading because this will be all about finding and fixing errors. A true project quality management is not only a continuous monitoring of quality processes, but also an application of the quality processes in all aspects of the project. Project Quality tools are used to control the quality in a project. This paper comprehensively discusses these tools. Its purpose is to enlighten project managers on the quality control tools that can help them deliver better quality. Project Quality Management: The Basic Tools Used Project quality management is a continuous process that runsShow MoreRelatedProject Quality Management : Project Management1322 Words   |  6 PagesQUESTION 1 Q: Why Project Quality management is so crucial in the completion of any project? Outline the various project quality management processes used. Describe in detail the process of Quality control. a. INTRODUCTION. Within any project there are a number of factors that are right up there and often preoccupy members of the Project Team. These include making sure that the project completes on time, making sure that the project does not go over budget and ensuring that all the team members areRead MoreProject Quality And Quality Management Project926 Words   |  4 PagesQuality is the amount to which a project satisfies the requirements. Project Quality is a set of different criteria and objectives that are inserted into success criteria used by project customers to accept the project results. Project Quality is an explanation of requirements desired by the project clients, and they refer to explanation of: †¢ Relative value of the project results which the customers expect to obtain at certain costs; †¢ Effectiveness of project results gaged by detailed requirementsRead MoreQuality Of Project Quality Management775 Words   |  4 PagesQuality in â€Å"Project quality management† Project quality management ensures that the quality of the project is up to the quantified standard defined by the company. It was suggested by (Gomes et al, 2005) that as a result of similar management techniques in efficiently operating companies globally it can be concluded that the most successful companies focus on maximizing customer’s satisfaction. The various methods important for understanding objectives of project quality management are ISO, PMBOKRead MoreQuality And Quality Of Project Management982 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract This paper explains what the term† quality† is in system projects, different views of stakeholder regarding the term ‘quality’ for a particular system project and also their differences in terms of project’s quality and product. This paper illustrates about the various methodologies used for improving the quality of the project and the steps taken for monitoring the project’s quality. The possible impacts in terms of project planning and control and people involved and means of detectingRead MoreQuality Of A Project Management1768 Words   |  8 Pagessystem lead to high quality of the project. The guarantee of nice quality of a project is essential for project management. The project pass rate achieves 100 % and with excellent rate by more than 90 %, which means as a project management specialist said, it results from first-rate construction organization, project supervision and project builders. During the preparation of Cowboys Stadium, all designers, project managers and builders try their best to ensure its quality, regarding it as an artRead MoreProject Management Plan For Quality Management2724 Words   |  11 Pagesprocess called quality management is created to ensure that all project activities that are necessary to be designed, to plan and finally to implement in a project, become an effective and efficient way to archive the purpose, objectivity and its performance. In a continuous process that usually begins and end with the project. It is more about preventing and avoiding than measuring and fixing poor quality outputs. It is part of every project management processes from the moment the project initiatesRead MoreQuality Issues in Project Management974 Words   |  4 PagesQUALITY ISSUES IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1. Introduction There are a number of issues surrounding the general area of â€Å"quality† in project management. You will need to be aware of some of the requirements of PRINCE (or PRINCE2) as well as the more general aspects of the ISO 9000 and 14000 series. 2. Quality requirements as part of PRINCE PRINCE2 (Projects in Controlled Environments) was revised from PRINCE in 1996 and is the accepted standard for the control of projects in the computingRead MoreQuality Control Project Management1807 Words   |  8 PagesMany failed projects today can be attributed to poor or total neglect of quality standards through lack of Quality control. Quality control, when implemented in a project, helps in yielding profit because the output is usually of great standard whereas when omitted, unavoidable losses are incurred. A project is said to be complete when the output not only conforms to pre-defined requirements but also to quality standards of the category it falls in. e.g. Standard for Quality Management Systems ISORead MoreThe Importance of Project Quality Management2249 Words   |  9 PagesChapter 8: Project Quality Management Learning Objectives 2 ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" ï‚â€" Understand the importance of project quality management for information technology products and services Define project quality management and understand how quality relates to various aspects of information technology projects Describe quality planning and its relationship to project scope management Discuss the importance of quality assurance Explain the main outputs of the quality control process The ImportanceRead MoreProject Excellence Model For Quality Management1394 Words   |  6 PagesThe Project Excellence Model(PEM) was set up in 1997 by Roland Ottmann and was derived from the European Foundation for Quality Management(EFQM) model. The PEM model mainly contain two processes; 1) Evaluation of project management process and 2) measurement of the results achieved in a project. Based on E. Westerveld’s research in 2002, the Project Excellence Model link project success criteria and critical success into one coherent model. Given that PEM Model was adapted from EFQM-model whose

Application Of Principal The Law Of Agency †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How Do Application of Principal the Law of Agency? Answer: Introduction An agency relationship is one of the most prevalent and significant legal relations. The relationship starts with two parties. One becomes the principle, and the other one becomes the agent. The sole purpose of the agent is to represent the principal in its dealings. So through the agent, the principal can reach a third party, who is the customer. For example, a cashier in a supermarket is an agent, while the bank is the principal. So through the cashier (agent), the third party (Customer) executes a transaction with the supermarket (Principal). In any agency relationship, it's the principal that controls the conducts of the agent. The Legal in the Scenario of Rodney and Penelope This main issue in here is a question of creation of agency through cohabitation. The law recognizes that a man and a woman living together through cohabitation can form an acceptable agency. In Stone in (Stone, 2005) the work explains this agency as the agency that arises two people are in a de facto relationship. The exact mirror case of Rodney and Penelope was analyzed by Miller in (Miller, 2015) The courts may find an agency relationship when one spouse purchases certain necessaries and charges them to the other spouses account. For example, the courts will often rule that the second spouse is liable to pay for the necessaries, either because of a social policy of promoting the general welfare of a spouse or because of a legal duty to supply necessaries to family members. So as explained above, the main purpose of this agency is to promote the well being of the parties living standards, and it doesnt apply to luxurious properties. The same meaning was given in (Campbell Dennis, 2009) stating that two parties can create an agency by presumption or cohabitation. This type is agency exists through presumption that if a man and a woman are living in a de facto relationship, the woman is presumed to be an agent and can pledge the mans credit for necessaries. The same meaning applies to the case of Rodney and Penelope. The supermarket presumes that Rodney has authority from Penelopes to acquire household necessities. Notably, necessities are things like food, medical attention, and clothing. All things considered, these are mainly things that help in keeping their familys social status standing (Miss Gray Ltd .v Earl Cathcart, 1922). Another point to note is that the agency of cohabitation only exists in the cases of cohabitation but not in marriage. After all, there is also a chance for invalidating this agency. For example, the husband can refute the authority if he expressly forbids the wife on buying luxuries.Apart from the agency through cohabitation, we are also told that Rodney orders groceries online andreceives a delivery of groceries from the local TN supermarketwherePenelope holds a credit account is known to regularly pay outamountsput on that account forthe groceriesthatRodney orders This part introduces the agency through estoppels. According to (Miller, 2015), in a situation where a principal (Penelope) makes a third party (Supermarket) think that another person (Rodney) is her agent, and then a third party (Supermarket) deals with the assumed agent, the principal (Penelope) will be estopped to dispute such agency relationship. Following this explanation, Penelope made the supermarket think that Rodney is her agent by paying all the groceries. By doing this, the supermarket had no otherwise but to believe that Rodney was getting the microwave for Penelope. This is assumed that there is already an existing agency between Penelope and Rodney. For instance, in (Freeman Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties Ltd, 1964) in this cases, The respondent corporation had four managers, but in practice, only one manager executed all the contracts assuming the duties of the Senior Manager. However, he never held that position, so he had no actual power to bind the organization. The other managers were aware but never complained. In one transaction, this manager contracted the Claimant Company, but his company declined to pay alleging that the manager had no authority. The judge held that the respondent company was liable for the misconduct of its manager. In similar case, it can be argued that Penelope had authorized Rodney since he never disupted any of her previous dealing. The issue here is a question on whether the action of an agent can bind the principal with the third party. In apparent authority, a contract formed with between agents with a third party is as binding the same it would have been had the third party contracted directly with the agent. (Carper, McKinsey, West, 2007). This case was well stated by (Mallor, 2013) that Apparent authority confers upon the agent, or supposed agent, the power to bind the disclosed or unidentified principal in contracts with third persons and precludes the principal from denying the existence of actual authority. Thus, when authority is apparent but not actual, the disclosed or unidentified principal is nonetheless bound by the act of the agent. The same case applies to MODO sending Tim to search for an office but instead, he exceed to acquiring a lease agreement. Apparent authority can be actual, expressed or implied, Plus, it could also happen by estoppels. Concerning this case, this study will lean towards apparent authority. Notably, if it happens that the third party will rely on that representation; its no doubt that the principal will then be bound by any of the actions of the agent. So, MODO would be bound by the lease agreement, and this is because Tim made Adam believe that Tim was there on behalf of Modo. In (Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council v Racing UK Ltd, 2005), the court ruled that Mr Sanderson had apparent authority to bind the council the contract. The case applies to MODO, Tim had apparent authority to bind MONDO to the agreement. On the other hand, MODO may argue that he had instructed Tim to just visit and bring back the recommendations. However, it may still not work considering the point by (Mann, Roberts, 2016) that When a principal appoints an agent to a position in an organization, the third parties may reasonably believe that an agent has the authority to do those acts customary of an agents in such a place. Comparably, a similar comment was made by the judge in (Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd, 1971) In this case; the secretary had entered into a contract while the principal was away. The principal argued that the secretary had implied authority. In the ruling, the judge held, "The secretary is the chief administrative officer of the company so he has ostensible authority with administrative matters." Similarly, Tim is the chief administrator to MODO and therefore has the apparent authority to bind MODO with Adam. Role of Apparent Authority to Establishing the Existence of the Principal-Agent Relationship Business transactions will have to overlook the limits to express or implied authority for them to operate efficiently. In other words, limiting the application of apparent authority is the same as bringing the principal to the work to conduct transactions. Apparent authority enables the agent to use its own judgment in making decisions where express or implied instructs do not provide for the arising issues. This one is the specific reason why the agents are allowed to execute transactions on behalf of the principle. In (Jones, Sufrin, 2016), the work states that there is need to have apparent authority to substantially decrease the costs that would arise if inquiries were to be made to the principal every time there is a transaction that's not covered in the provisions of actual authority However, the perception of apparent authority has been struggling with the mischief of the agents. There are situations where an agent within apparent authority has committed fraud or errors drawing the principal causing the third party to sue the principal. There is a need to understand that, when an agent enters into a contract with a third party, the final contract is between the third party and the principal. Nevertheless, the courts have always reasoned to prevent the misconduct of the agent from enrichment and fraud as in In (Skandinaviska Enskilda v. Asia Pacific Breweries, 2011). In this case, the Court dismissed the reasoning that the defendants finance director had apparent authority to undertake the money that the plaintiff had given him. Role Of Apparent Authority To Establishing The Scope Of The Agents Power To Bind The Principal With Third Parties For the protection of transactions, agency law has evolved to create the concept of apparent authority as the ground for transactions. This doctrine facilitates the operations by having the agent represent the principal where both contracts and claims would not be possible with the original principal. This reasoning was held in (Ermoian v. Desert Hospital, 2007) where the court held that In the medical context, vicarious liability has been extended to a hospital entity under a theory of ostensible agency for the acts of nonemployee physicians who perform services on hospital premises Apparent authority arises in different cases. It can arise where the parties terminated their agency relationship, but the third party doesn't have such information. Also, it can arise after the termination or limitation of actual authority, yet the principal has not communicated to the third party (Kleinberger, 2008). It can still occur even where there has been an established agency relationship forged between the agent and principal (Ghaly, Wilken, 2012). Due to ineffective communication or lack information on the side of the third party, apparent authority allegedly comes into force to protect third parties. The manifestation of Estoppels and apparent authority can be established in the following ways. There must be a representation from the principal by words or conduct that the agent has authority (Rama Corp Ltd v. Proved tin General Inv. Ltd, 1952). The law requires that third party demonstrates that it acted due to the misrepresentation of the principal by the agent (Baskind, 2015). Ultimately, its vital to note that the appearance of authority must have arisen from the principal's previous conducts as held in (Sigma Cable (Pte) Ltd v NEI Parsons Ltd, 1992) Conclusion The paper looked at the main principles of agency through that can be formed when people are cohabiting. It also looked at the principles of apparent authority. The goal was to analyze the formation of apparent authority and how its effect can lead to binding both the third party and the principal. Therefore, there is always a need for agents to act with diligence and credibility to maintain their good relationship with the principal. References Miller, R. (2011). Business Law Today, The Essentials: Text and Cases (11th ed., p. 604). Adamson, J., Morrison, A. (2016). Law for Business and Personal Use (19th ed., p. 387). Cengage Learning. Stone, R. (2005). The modern law of contract. London: Cavendish. Campbell, D., Dennis, E.C. (2009). International Agency and Distribution Law: Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. Carper, D., McKinsey, J., West, B. (2007) Understanding the Law. Cengage Learning Jones, A., Sufrin, B. (2016). EU competition law (6th ed., p. 753). Oxford, United Kingdom, UK: Oxford University Press. Baze, D. (2015). Common Law Of Agency. Supplemental Chapter For Oklahoma Real Estate Principles, 9. https://dx.doi.org/405-361-4602 Kleinberger, D. (2008). Agency, partnerships, and LLCs (3rd ed., p. 34). New York, NY: Aspen Publishers. Ghaly, K., Wilken, S. (2012). The law of waiver, variation and estoppel (3rd ed., p. 329). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mann, R., Roberts, B. (2016). Smith Roberson's business law (17th ed., p. 390). Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Baskind, E. (2015). Commercial law (1st ed., p. 176). Oxford University Press. Mallor, J. (2013). Business law (15th ed., p. 919). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Sigma Cable (Pte) Ltd v NEI Parsons Ltd, 2 SLR 1087 (1992). Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council v. Racing UK Ltd EWCA, Civ 999 (2005) Ermoian v. Desert Hospital 61 Cal. Rptr. 3d 754 (Cal. Rptr. 3d 754 ,2007) Rama Corp Ltd v. Proved tin General Inv Ltd, 2 QB 147, (1952) Skandinaviska Enskilda v Asia Pacific Breweries, 3 SLR 540. (2011) Sigma Cable (Pte) Ltd v NEI Parsons Ltd, 2 SLR 1087 (1992). Miss Gray Ltd V Earl Cathcart (1922) 38 TLR 562 Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd, 2 QB 711 ( 1971)